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Example B: EDLD The Effective Principal
Amy Noel Lee
EDLD 501/Dr. Mullins
December 9, 2006
Community Assessment Project
Jackson serves as one of the distribution hubs of the South. Other nearby hubs include Memphis to the north, New Orleans to south, and Dallas to the west. The distribution area also serves international customers, as Foreign Trade Zone #158, since the airport is able to store goods without paying import fees. As the capital of Mississippi, there are four major banks headquartered in Jackson. Agriculture continues to be a primary export of Jackson with the Cattle being the highest commodity. Nearby industries also include grains, poultry, cotton, and lumber. Jackson is also home to a Nissan automobile plant. The community has suffered several industry losses in that last decade (Tyson Food Inc. and WorldCom Inc. for example). There are numerous vacant buildings in the downtown and surrounding area in Jackson that illustrate this fact. However, these properties are abundant and inexpensive. Nonetheless, Jackson does not seem to offer the same number of industrial opportunities as the other capital cities that it borders.
Geography
As mentioned above, Jackson is the largest city in Mississippi and serves as one of the South’s distribution points. Close by capital are Memphis, New Orleans, and Dallas. Jackson rests on the Pearl River and the city has a total land area of 108.6 square miles. Sitting halfway between New Orleans and Memphis, Jackson’s relationship with the effects of Hurricane Katrina have been speculated with a variety of outcomes. In the year 2005, there was a twenty-six percent increase of exporting goods. Top exports are Canada (the Canadian Railway runs through Jackson) and geographically present Mexico. In 2005, Saudi Arabia also became one of the top exporters. Agriculture and agricultural goods are easily accessed because it is the largest city in Mississippi (a rich farmland state).
Basic Demographics
The population of Jackson, MS was 179,599 in 2003. Ranked 4th in the nation for the percentages of African-Americans in major cities, 71 percent of the population of Jackson is African-American. The entire metropolitan area has a population of 522,580. The median income in Jackson is 30, 414. This average is lower than both the state (31,330) and significantly lower than the United States (41,994) median incomes. Also of note the average income per capita for African Americans (most of the population) is only 12,021. The level of education in Jackson varies. While the number people who hold a Bachelor degree and higher is 47 percent, (which is higher than both the national and state averages), 20 percent of the population do not hold a high school diploma. These averages are also based on the population aged 25 and over (108,734) and does not account for much of the young population in Jackson (30%). Close to fifty percent of students are actually graduating from high school in Jackson. The state of Mississippi as a whole has a 61 percent diploma rate. In addition 78 percent of students attending Jackson Public Schools receive free or reduced lunch (an often cited determinant of low-income and impoverished schools). Over 19 percent of the population lives below the poverty line and 33.7 percent of those households include children under 18 and 15.7 percent are aged 65 and older. Many households that are living in poverty are headed by single women (35%). 18 percent of the total population has a disability. In addition most homes are rented (54%). Although many of the statistics of poverty are only slightly higher than national figures, the educational outlooks for Jackson are bleak in comparison to other places in the United States (the dropout rate for example). Perhaps the most statistically damaging is the disparity between white and black salaries within Jackson, other cities in Mississippi (such as Desoto), and the nation.
Economic Elements
There is no single job source that Jackson is over-reliant upon. However, government jobs account for the single largest source of jobs (54,400). These jobs include mainly jobs that are funded by the State of Mississippi (30,000+). This makes sense for the capital city. However, as previously mentioned industries such as Tyson Foods and WorldCom have gone bankrupt or left Jackson. Vigorous efforts to attract new businesses have yielded a Nissan automobile plant that created 3,300 new jobs. There are also efforts made to complete the Capital City Convention Center (61 million) by 2009, the center will offer space for meetings and numerous other gatherings expected to bring in jobs and revenue. The overall unemployment rate is 5.2 percent (as of October, 2006). Workers that are under-employed or unemployed are mostly African-American and lack a high school diploma or other trade skills. This rate is higher than the national unemployment rate of 4.4 percent. In addition to the high amount of government jobs, the second largest industry is trade, transportation, and utilities. The average worker makes 30,414. In looking at the mean wages (per hour) for unskilled labor such as food services (which employs 12,000+ workers) these figures are significantly lower—6.47 dollars per hour. Many businesses are small (besides government jobs) and there are the highest number of retail trade establishments (709) which tend to offer lower wages. Jackson lacks solid manufacturing industries as there are only 183 establishments that offer 8,000 jobs to the Jackson area. However, many summaries of Jackson economics cite that Jackson is growing economically.
Physical Infrastructures
Jackson is serviced by the Jackson-Evers International Airport (name changed in 2004 to honor Medgar Evers who lived in and was killed in Jackson). As mentioned above the airport sees some heavy shipping traffic because of its location. Jackson is also served by the Canadian National Railroad, Amtrak, and the Kansas City Southern Railway. There are three major highways: Interstate 55 that runs north and south to Chicago, Interstate 20 that runs east and west, and Interstate 220 that connects I55 and I20. There are also several U.S highways and State highways. Three U.S highways U.S 49, U.S 51, and U.S 80 connect the interstates and other neighboring towns in Mississippi. The Natchez Trace Parkway goes from Natchez to Nashville, Tennessee. Jackson utilizes several landfills that are at varying capacity levels. The city of Jackson services the water, sewage, recycling, and waste removal for the city. The city offers trash pick-up twice a week and this service is used by more than 60,000 households.
Cultural and Recreational Resources
There are numerous cultural and recreational resources in Jackson, Mississippi. There are a plethora of museums and cultural associations: Municipal Art Gallery, Mississippi Symphony Orchestra, Ballet Mississippi, Mississippi Museum of Art, Russell C. Davis Planetarium, Mississippi Opera, Mississippi Chorus, New Stage Theatre, Mississippi Hispanic Association, Mississippi Heritage Trust, Mississippi Art Center, Smith-Robertson Museum and Cultural Center, Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Museum, Mynelle Gardens, Jackson Zoo, Jackson State University Botanical Garden, Eudora Welty Museum, Manship Museum, Medgar Evers Home Museum, Mississippi Museum of Art, Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame and Museum, The Oaks House Museum, and Smith Robertson Museum and Cultural Center. In addition there are a great deal of historical sites in Jackson. Furthermore Jackson does provide a great deal of recreational resources. . Jackson has a total of 54 parks and recreational facilities. Quite a few sports teams (as well as the sports arena) provide entertainment to Jacksonians and Mississippians alike: Jackson Wildcats, Mississippi Braves, Mississippi Brilla, and numerous other college teams. Jackson is also home to the New Orleans Saints training camp from 2006-2010. Jackson is also home to many cultural events: Mississippi State Fair, Crossroads Film Festival, Jubilee Jam, Celtic Fest Mississippi, Festival Latino, OUToberfest, USA International Ballet Competition, and the Mals St. Patty’s Day Parade.
The Power Structure
The mayor holds a great deal of power in the community. Currently Mayor Frank Melton holds quite a bit of political power. He is responsible for city appointments and terminations. In addition he is elected “at large” so his constituency is quite big. The current city council members include: Ben Allen (R), Leslie B. McLemore (D), Kenneth I. Stokes (D), Frank Blunston (VP-D), Charles Tillman (D), Marshand K. Crisler (President, D), and Maraget Barrett-Simon (D). Also church organizations hold a great deal of power. Many city officials and people of power claim a religious affiliation and these connections carry weight and are taken quite seriously. Most speeches (political or otherwise) offer a religious insight of some kind. Because of the high number of banks in Jackson, they also have political leverage in Jackson.
Role of Government Agencies
Prior to 1985 Jackson had a three-person mayor-commissioner system. Today seven city part-time wards (one from each ward) serve the city and the mayor heads the body. The mayor is elected at large. The city council also votes to elect one president and vice president. The council confirms mayor appointed positions such as school board members, etc. They also vote on city ordinances along with the mayor. The agenda and budget (along with the Chief Administrative Office) are set by the mayor. There are 2,400 city employees. Virtually every aspect of life is touched in some way by the local government. The major areas of service include: public safety, public works, city attorney office, city clerk, and parks and recreation.
History
The history of race and segregation is and are the essential elements that have shaped and continue to shape Jackson. During the last decade many museums and other cultural events have been held and started to commemorate these events. However, the city has experienced a mass exodus from whites for numerous (including racial) reasons. During the 1950’s and 1960’s Jackson remained segregated in schools and other areas of society. However there were several key events during the Civil Rights Movement. In 1961, freedom riders were arrested for disturbing the peace in Jackson. Medgar Evans was murdered in Jackson in 1963. Even after the Brown decision was enacted, the school did not desegregate until 1970. After this some whites remained in the public school system, but most started paying for private school. Jackson Prep was formed the very year that the Supreme Court forced integration in Jackson. Since 1970 whites have slowly moved into neighboring Rankin and Madison counties. Most of the remaining white school children attend Jackson Prep or Jackson Academy. Jackson Public Schools is approximately 95 percent black in 2005. The city itself is 70-74 percent African American. These implications have a tremendous impact on economics. The public school system has never properly been funded. Most of the buildings are the old segregated school buildings. The property tax base is low (because of white flight). The racial tensions and economic disparities between African Americans continue to be severe and problematic. The high levels of poverty, poor schooling, low tax base, and other racial and economic problems offer bleak outlooks for many African American students and the Jackson economy.
Community Barriers
Many of the barriers have been mentioned in the previous section. Racial and economic barriers inhibit Jackson from making serious progress. Many young, African-American professionals (recent graduates) as well as do not chose to stay in Jackson because of the high levels of crime and poor schooling options. If they do decide to stay in Mississippi, they opt to live in Rankin or Madison and not Jackson.
Values
The official slogan for Jackson is “the city with a soul.” The values include a focus on education (as evident by the many universities). Churches and religion play a major role in everyday life in Jackson. Southern hospitality also plays a part of the everyday values. Despite the high level of crime, people try to look out for one another. People are not afraid to say “hello” to one another. However, the urban-ness of the city does curtail many southern hospitality type values, and there is a visual level of distrust because of the crime levels.
Uniqueness
Jackson offers many cultural and recreational activities. Jackson is unique because it does have an African American mayor, city council members, and other high-level city and educational leaders. There is also more of an international community than in most parts of Mississippi. Museums are plentiful and Jackson offers a variety of activities unavailable to other parts of Mississippi. Jackson is also home to Millsaps college a nationally ranked liberal arts college. Parents for Public Schools was founded in Jackson and although far from fruition, their presence is an enormous step toward bettering Jackson and Jackson Public Schools.
Schools, Colleges, and/or Universities
Jackson Public Schools has 8 high schools, 10 middle schools, 38 elementary schools, and 2 alternative education schools. There are numerous private high schools in Jackson and the surrounding suburbs, the largest in Jackson Academy. Jackson has numerous institutions of higher education: Mississippi College (Clinton), Tougaloo College, Jackson State University, Belhaven College, Millsaps College, Hinds Community College, Mississippi College School of Law, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Holmes Community College (Ridgeland), and Reformed Theological Seminary.
Jackson, Mississippi. Retrieved November 14, 2006 from, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi
International Business Development Survey Summary (February 2006). Mississippi World Trade Center. Retrieved November 1, 2006 from, http://www.mswtc.org/resources/Survey%20Summary.PDF
Jackson, Mississippi retrieved December 2, 2006 from http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=19895
2000 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. Retrieved December 6, 2006 http://www.bls.gov/oes/2000/oes_3560.htm
Mathew, D. & Harris W.M. (2001) Urban-Spatial Segregation in Jackson, MS:
Planning for Equity Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Conference Paper Retrieved October 18, 2006 http://www.lincolninst.edu/pubs/dl/598_dalbey_harris.pdf
Summary of Mississippi Landfills (2004) Retrieved December 2, 2006 from, http://www.epa.gov/lmop/proj/xls/lmopdatams.xls.
City of Jackson Website. Retrieved October 30, 2006 from, http://www.city.jackson.ms.us/
Jackson Public Schools Website. Retrieved December 4, 2006 from, http://www.jackson.k12.ms.us/
Burns M. & Williams C. (2003) Capitals and Capitols: The Places and Spaces of Mississippi’s Seat of Government. Mississippi History Now. Retrieved December 2, 2006 from, http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature44/capitals_capitols.html
Mississippi QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2006 from, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/28000.html
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EDLD 501/Dr. Mullins
December 9, 2006
Community Assessment Project
Jackson Community Assessment
Defining the CommunityJackson serves as one of the distribution hubs of the South. Other nearby hubs include Memphis to the north, New Orleans to south, and Dallas to the west. The distribution area also serves international customers, as Foreign Trade Zone #158, since the airport is able to store goods without paying import fees. As the capital of Mississippi, there are four major banks headquartered in Jackson. Agriculture continues to be a primary export of Jackson with the Cattle being the highest commodity. Nearby industries also include grains, poultry, cotton, and lumber. Jackson is also home to a Nissan automobile plant. The community has suffered several industry losses in that last decade (Tyson Food Inc. and WorldCom Inc. for example). There are numerous vacant buildings in the downtown and surrounding area in Jackson that illustrate this fact. However, these properties are abundant and inexpensive. Nonetheless, Jackson does not seem to offer the same number of industrial opportunities as the other capital cities that it borders.
Geography
As mentioned above, Jackson is the largest city in Mississippi and serves as one of the South’s distribution points. Close by capital are Memphis, New Orleans, and Dallas. Jackson rests on the Pearl River and the city has a total land area of 108.6 square miles. Sitting halfway between New Orleans and Memphis, Jackson’s relationship with the effects of Hurricane Katrina have been speculated with a variety of outcomes. In the year 2005, there was a twenty-six percent increase of exporting goods. Top exports are Canada (the Canadian Railway runs through Jackson) and geographically present Mexico. In 2005, Saudi Arabia also became one of the top exporters. Agriculture and agricultural goods are easily accessed because it is the largest city in Mississippi (a rich farmland state).
Basic Demographics
The population of Jackson, MS was 179,599 in 2003. Ranked 4th in the nation for the percentages of African-Americans in major cities, 71 percent of the population of Jackson is African-American. The entire metropolitan area has a population of 522,580. The median income in Jackson is 30, 414. This average is lower than both the state (31,330) and significantly lower than the United States (41,994) median incomes. Also of note the average income per capita for African Americans (most of the population) is only 12,021. The level of education in Jackson varies. While the number people who hold a Bachelor degree and higher is 47 percent, (which is higher than both the national and state averages), 20 percent of the population do not hold a high school diploma. These averages are also based on the population aged 25 and over (108,734) and does not account for much of the young population in Jackson (30%). Close to fifty percent of students are actually graduating from high school in Jackson. The state of Mississippi as a whole has a 61 percent diploma rate. In addition 78 percent of students attending Jackson Public Schools receive free or reduced lunch (an often cited determinant of low-income and impoverished schools). Over 19 percent of the population lives below the poverty line and 33.7 percent of those households include children under 18 and 15.7 percent are aged 65 and older. Many households that are living in poverty are headed by single women (35%). 18 percent of the total population has a disability. In addition most homes are rented (54%). Although many of the statistics of poverty are only slightly higher than national figures, the educational outlooks for Jackson are bleak in comparison to other places in the United States (the dropout rate for example). Perhaps the most statistically damaging is the disparity between white and black salaries within Jackson, other cities in Mississippi (such as Desoto), and the nation.
Economic Elements
There is no single job source that Jackson is over-reliant upon. However, government jobs account for the single largest source of jobs (54,400). These jobs include mainly jobs that are funded by the State of Mississippi (30,000+). This makes sense for the capital city. However, as previously mentioned industries such as Tyson Foods and WorldCom have gone bankrupt or left Jackson. Vigorous efforts to attract new businesses have yielded a Nissan automobile plant that created 3,300 new jobs. There are also efforts made to complete the Capital City Convention Center (61 million) by 2009, the center will offer space for meetings and numerous other gatherings expected to bring in jobs and revenue. The overall unemployment rate is 5.2 percent (as of October, 2006). Workers that are under-employed or unemployed are mostly African-American and lack a high school diploma or other trade skills. This rate is higher than the national unemployment rate of 4.4 percent. In addition to the high amount of government jobs, the second largest industry is trade, transportation, and utilities. The average worker makes 30,414. In looking at the mean wages (per hour) for unskilled labor such as food services (which employs 12,000+ workers) these figures are significantly lower—6.47 dollars per hour. Many businesses are small (besides government jobs) and there are the highest number of retail trade establishments (709) which tend to offer lower wages. Jackson lacks solid manufacturing industries as there are only 183 establishments that offer 8,000 jobs to the Jackson area. However, many summaries of Jackson economics cite that Jackson is growing economically.
Physical Infrastructures
Jackson is serviced by the Jackson-Evers International Airport (name changed in 2004 to honor Medgar Evers who lived in and was killed in Jackson). As mentioned above the airport sees some heavy shipping traffic because of its location. Jackson is also served by the Canadian National Railroad, Amtrak, and the Kansas City Southern Railway. There are three major highways: Interstate 55 that runs north and south to Chicago, Interstate 20 that runs east and west, and Interstate 220 that connects I55 and I20. There are also several U.S highways and State highways. Three U.S highways U.S 49, U.S 51, and U.S 80 connect the interstates and other neighboring towns in Mississippi. The Natchez Trace Parkway goes from Natchez to Nashville, Tennessee. Jackson utilizes several landfills that are at varying capacity levels. The city of Jackson services the water, sewage, recycling, and waste removal for the city. The city offers trash pick-up twice a week and this service is used by more than 60,000 households.
Cultural and Recreational Resources
There are numerous cultural and recreational resources in Jackson, Mississippi. There are a plethora of museums and cultural associations: Municipal Art Gallery, Mississippi Symphony Orchestra, Ballet Mississippi, Mississippi Museum of Art, Russell C. Davis Planetarium, Mississippi Opera, Mississippi Chorus, New Stage Theatre, Mississippi Hispanic Association, Mississippi Heritage Trust, Mississippi Art Center, Smith-Robertson Museum and Cultural Center, Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Museum, Mynelle Gardens, Jackson Zoo, Jackson State University Botanical Garden, Eudora Welty Museum, Manship Museum, Medgar Evers Home Museum, Mississippi Museum of Art, Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame and Museum, The Oaks House Museum, and Smith Robertson Museum and Cultural Center. In addition there are a great deal of historical sites in Jackson. Furthermore Jackson does provide a great deal of recreational resources. . Jackson has a total of 54 parks and recreational facilities. Quite a few sports teams (as well as the sports arena) provide entertainment to Jacksonians and Mississippians alike: Jackson Wildcats, Mississippi Braves, Mississippi Brilla, and numerous other college teams. Jackson is also home to the New Orleans Saints training camp from 2006-2010. Jackson is also home to many cultural events: Mississippi State Fair, Crossroads Film Festival, Jubilee Jam, Celtic Fest Mississippi, Festival Latino, OUToberfest, USA International Ballet Competition, and the Mals St. Patty’s Day Parade.
The Power Structure
The mayor holds a great deal of power in the community. Currently Mayor Frank Melton holds quite a bit of political power. He is responsible for city appointments and terminations. In addition he is elected “at large” so his constituency is quite big. The current city council members include: Ben Allen (R), Leslie B. McLemore (D), Kenneth I. Stokes (D), Frank Blunston (VP-D), Charles Tillman (D), Marshand K. Crisler (President, D), and Maraget Barrett-Simon (D). Also church organizations hold a great deal of power. Many city officials and people of power claim a religious affiliation and these connections carry weight and are taken quite seriously. Most speeches (political or otherwise) offer a religious insight of some kind. Because of the high number of banks in Jackson, they also have political leverage in Jackson.
Role of Government Agencies
Prior to 1985 Jackson had a three-person mayor-commissioner system. Today seven city part-time wards (one from each ward) serve the city and the mayor heads the body. The mayor is elected at large. The city council also votes to elect one president and vice president. The council confirms mayor appointed positions such as school board members, etc. They also vote on city ordinances along with the mayor. The agenda and budget (along with the Chief Administrative Office) are set by the mayor. There are 2,400 city employees. Virtually every aspect of life is touched in some way by the local government. The major areas of service include: public safety, public works, city attorney office, city clerk, and parks and recreation.
History
The history of race and segregation is and are the essential elements that have shaped and continue to shape Jackson. During the last decade many museums and other cultural events have been held and started to commemorate these events. However, the city has experienced a mass exodus from whites for numerous (including racial) reasons. During the 1950’s and 1960’s Jackson remained segregated in schools and other areas of society. However there were several key events during the Civil Rights Movement. In 1961, freedom riders were arrested for disturbing the peace in Jackson. Medgar Evans was murdered in Jackson in 1963. Even after the Brown decision was enacted, the school did not desegregate until 1970. After this some whites remained in the public school system, but most started paying for private school. Jackson Prep was formed the very year that the Supreme Court forced integration in Jackson. Since 1970 whites have slowly moved into neighboring Rankin and Madison counties. Most of the remaining white school children attend Jackson Prep or Jackson Academy. Jackson Public Schools is approximately 95 percent black in 2005. The city itself is 70-74 percent African American. These implications have a tremendous impact on economics. The public school system has never properly been funded. Most of the buildings are the old segregated school buildings. The property tax base is low (because of white flight). The racial tensions and economic disparities between African Americans continue to be severe and problematic. The high levels of poverty, poor schooling, low tax base, and other racial and economic problems offer bleak outlooks for many African American students and the Jackson economy.
Community Barriers
Many of the barriers have been mentioned in the previous section. Racial and economic barriers inhibit Jackson from making serious progress. Many young, African-American professionals (recent graduates) as well as do not chose to stay in Jackson because of the high levels of crime and poor schooling options. If they do decide to stay in Mississippi, they opt to live in Rankin or Madison and not Jackson.
Values
The official slogan for Jackson is “the city with a soul.” The values include a focus on education (as evident by the many universities). Churches and religion play a major role in everyday life in Jackson. Southern hospitality also plays a part of the everyday values. Despite the high level of crime, people try to look out for one another. People are not afraid to say “hello” to one another. However, the urban-ness of the city does curtail many southern hospitality type values, and there is a visual level of distrust because of the crime levels.
Uniqueness
Jackson offers many cultural and recreational activities. Jackson is unique because it does have an African American mayor, city council members, and other high-level city and educational leaders. There is also more of an international community than in most parts of Mississippi. Museums are plentiful and Jackson offers a variety of activities unavailable to other parts of Mississippi. Jackson is also home to Millsaps college a nationally ranked liberal arts college. Parents for Public Schools was founded in Jackson and although far from fruition, their presence is an enormous step toward bettering Jackson and Jackson Public Schools.
Schools, Colleges, and/or Universities
Jackson Public Schools has 8 high schools, 10 middle schools, 38 elementary schools, and 2 alternative education schools. There are numerous private high schools in Jackson and the surrounding suburbs, the largest in Jackson Academy. Jackson has numerous institutions of higher education: Mississippi College (Clinton), Tougaloo College, Jackson State University, Belhaven College, Millsaps College, Hinds Community College, Mississippi College School of Law, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Holmes Community College (Ridgeland), and Reformed Theological Seminary.
Bibliography
Jackson, Mississippi. Retrieved November 13, 2006 from, http://www.city-data.com/city/Jackson-Mississippi.htmlJackson, Mississippi. Retrieved November 14, 2006 from, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi
International Business Development Survey Summary (February 2006). Mississippi World Trade Center. Retrieved November 1, 2006 from, http://www.mswtc.org/resources/Survey%20Summary.PDF
Jackson, Mississippi retrieved December 2, 2006 from http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=19895
2000 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. Retrieved December 6, 2006 http://www.bls.gov/oes/2000/oes_3560.htm
Mathew, D. & Harris W.M. (2001) Urban-Spatial Segregation in Jackson, MS:
Planning for Equity Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Conference Paper Retrieved October 18, 2006 http://www.lincolninst.edu/pubs/dl/598_dalbey_harris.pdf
Summary of Mississippi Landfills (2004) Retrieved December 2, 2006 from, http://www.epa.gov/lmop/proj/xls/lmopdatams.xls.
City of Jackson Website. Retrieved October 30, 2006 from, http://www.city.jackson.ms.us/
Jackson Public Schools Website. Retrieved December 4, 2006 from, http://www.jackson.k12.ms.us/
Burns M. & Williams C. (2003) Capitals and Capitols: The Places and Spaces of Mississippi’s Seat of Government. Mississippi History Now. Retrieved December 2, 2006 from, http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature44/capitals_capitols.html
Mississippi QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2006 from, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/28000.html
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